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[单选题]

Contracting Governments, when they set security level 3, shall issue, as necessary, appropriate security instructions and shall provide security related information to __ may be affected()

A.the ships and port facilities

B.the master and officers

C.the Company Security Officer and Ship Security Officer

D.the bridge and engine room

答案

A、the ships and port facilities

更多“Contracting Governments, when they set security level 3, shall issue, as necessary, appropriate secu…”相关的问题

第1题

印度孟买一家电视机进口商与日本京都电器制造商洽谈买卖电视机交易。从京都(内陆城市)至孟买。有集

印度孟买一家电视机进口商与日本京都电器制造商洽谈买卖电视机交易。从京都(内陆城市)至孟买。有集装箱多式运输服务,京都当地货运商以订约承运人(contracting carrier)的身份可签发多式运输单据(MTD)。货物在京都距制造商5公里的集装箱堆场(CY)装入集装箱后,由货运商用卡车经公路运至横滨,然后装上海轮运到孟买。京都制造商不愿承担公路和海洋运输的风险;孟买进口商则不愿承担货物交运前的风险。试对以下问题,提出你的意见,并说明理由: 1.京都制造商是否可向孟买进口商按FOB、CFR或CIF术语报价? 2.京都制造商是否应提供已装船运输单据(on board transport document)? 3.按以上情况,你认为京都制造商应采用何种贸易术语?

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第2题

Crying and waking up in the middle of night are routine during any newborns first few mont
hs. But if those crying episodes continue on a regular【C1】______past the first year, then they may signal possible behavioral problems【C2】______. Thats what researchers in Europe found when they【C3】______nearly two dozen studies on something developmental experts call regulatory problems—which include trouble sleeping, continuous crying and difficulty feeding. The researchers【C4】______in the journal Archives of Disease in Childhood that infants who consistently cry and wake up at night past their third month are nearly twice as likely to【C5】______problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety, aggressive behavior. or【C6】______disorders by the time they begin school. The most【C7】______behavioral difficulties these children had involved【C8】______of self-control, and an inability to calm themselves down or act【C9】______in different social situations. How exactly are【C10】______crying jags and picky eating during infancy【C11】______later behavioral problems? Dieter Wolke, one of the study co-authors and a professor of developmental psychology at University of Warwick in England, says the data dont support any【C12】______link, but there are several possibilities. One, the crying and waking up at night are simply the first signs of behavioral problems that the babies can not【C13】______themselves very well. Every baby wakes up several times a night and may start crying, but most will eventually learn to calm themselves down and【C14】______back to sleep. They learn that enough is e-nough and inevitably【C15】______that Mom and Dad wont come running every time they cry. If babies are already【C16】______to contracting a behavioral disorder, 【C17】______, they may not be able to learn such self-control, and their crying episodes may continue well past their first year. 【C18】______, says Wolke, some infants may be genetically susceptible to problems regulating their behavior; specifically, scientists have recently identified a version of a【C19】______concerning dopamine function, which governs mood and emotions as well as motor function, that may make some infants more【C20】______to behavioral problems.

【C1】

A.agenda

B.schedule

C.basis

D.interval

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第3题

Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a p
arent saying, "Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!" The bully's parent replied. "You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel." A trillion phone calls later. The conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the US show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations(指责) and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.

"When you call parents, you want them to 'extract the cruelty' from their bullying children, "says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. "But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won't believe it." In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor,Washington, 89 percent of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18 percent of parents thought their children would act as bullies.

In a new US PTA survey, 5 percent of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted(误解), causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.

Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food. Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom "wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease," says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behavior. was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.

Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it m your pocket.

The word "bullying" (Line 2, Para. 1) probably means ______.

A.frightening and hurting

B.teasing

C.behaving like a tyrant

D.laughing at

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第4题

Bosses Say "Yes" to Home WorkRising costs of office space, time lost to stressfu

Bosses Say "Yes" to Home Work

Rising costs of office space, time lost to stressful commuting, and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office—all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home.

For the small business, there are additional benefits too—staff are more productive, and happier, enabling firms to keep their headcounts(员工数) and their recruitment costs to a minimum. It can also provide a competitive advantage, especially when small businesses want to attract new staff but don&39;t have the budget to offer huge salaries.

While company managers have known about the benefits for a long time, many have done little about it, skeptical of whether they could trust their employees to work to full capacity without supervision, or concerned about the additional expenses teleworking policies might incur as staff start charging their home phone bills to the business.

Yet this is now changing. When communications provider Inter-Tel researched the use of remote working solutions among small- and medium-sized UK businesses in April this year, it found that 28% more companies claimed to have introduced flexible working practices than a year ago.

The UK network of Business Links confirms that it too has seen a growing interest in remote working solutions from small businesses seeking its advice, and claims that as many as 60—70% of the businesses that come through its doors now offer some form. of remote working support to their workforces.

Technology advances, including the widespread availability of broadband, are making the introduction of remote working a piece of cake.

"If systems are set up properly, staff can have access to all the resources they have in the office wherever they have an internet connection", says Andy Poulton, e-business advisor at Business Link for Berkshire and Wiltshire. "There are some very exciting developments which have enabled this".

One is the availability of broadband, which now covers almost all of the country (BT claims that, by July, 99. 8% of its exchanges will be broadband enabled, with alternative plans in place for even the most remote exchanges). "This is the enabler", Poulton says.

Yet while broadband has come down in price too, those service providers targeting the business market warn against consumer services masquerading(伪装) as business-friendly broadband.

"Broadband is available for as little as £l5 a month, but many businesses fail to appreciate the hidden costs of such a service", says Neil Stephenson, sales and marketing director at Onyx Internet, an internet service provider based in the north-east of England. "Providers offering broadband for rock-bottom prices are notorious for poor service, with regular breakdowns and heavily congested(拥堵的) networks. It is always advisable for businesses to look beyond the price tag and look for a business-only provider that can offer more reliability, with good support". Such services needn&39;t cost too much—quality services can be found for upwards of £30 a month.

The benefits of broadband to the occasional home worker are that they can access email in real time, and take full advantage of services such as internet-based backup or even internet-based phone services.

Internet-based telecoms, or VoIP (Voice over IP) to give it its technical title, is an interesting tool to any business supporting remote working. Not necessarily because of the promise of free or reduced price phone calls (which experts point out is misleading for the average business), but because of the sophisticated voice services that can be exploited by the remote worker—facilities such as voicemail and call forwarding, which provide a continuity of the company-image for customers and business; partners.

By law, companies must "consider seriously" requests to work flexibl made by a parent with a child underthe age of six, or a disabled child under 18. It was the need to accommodate employees with young children thatmotivated accountancy firm Wright Vigar to begin promoting teleworking recently. The company, which needed toupgraade its IT infrastructure (基础设施 ) to provide connectivity with a new, second office, decided to introducesupport for remote working at the same time.

Marketing director Jack O&39;Hem explains that the company has a relatively young workforce, many of whomare parents: "One of the triggers was when one of our tax managers returned from matemity leave. She wasintending to work part time, but could only manage one day a week in the office due to childcare. By offering herthe ability to work from home, we have doubled her capacity-now she works a day a week from home, and a dayin the office. This is great for her, and for us as we retain someone highly qualified."

For Wright Vigar, which has now equipped all of its fee-eamers to be able to work at maximum productivitywhen away from the offices (whether that&39;s from home, or while on the road), this strategy is not just about savingon commute time or cutting them loose from the office, but enabling them to work more flexible hours that fitaround their home life.

O&39;Hem says: "Although most of our work is client-based and must fit around this, we can&39;t see any reasonwhy a parent can&39;t be on hand to deal with something important at home, if they have the ability to complete aproject later in the day."

Supporting this new way of working came with a price, though. Although the firm was updating its systemsanyway, the company spent 10-15% more per user to equip them with a laptop rather than a PC, and about thesame to upgrade to a server that would enable remote staff to connect to the company networks and access all theirusual resources.

Although Wright Vigar hasn&39;t yet quantified the business benefits, it claims that, in addition to being able toretain key staff with young families, it is able to save fee-earners a substantial amount of "dead" time in theirworking days.

That staff can do this without needing a fixed telephone line provides even more efficiency savings. "WithWi-Fi(fast, wireless intemet connections) popping up all over the place, even on trains, our fee-eamers can beproductive as they travel, and between meetings, instead of having to kill time at the shops," he adds.

The company will also be able to avoid the expense of having to relocate staff to temporary offices for severalweeks when it begins disruptive office renovations(翻新 ) soon.

Financial recruitment specialist Lynne Hargreaves knows exactly how much her firm has saved by adopting ateleworking strategy, which has involved handing her company&39;s data management over to a remote hostingcompany, Datanet, so it can be accessible by all the company&39;s consultants over broadband intemet connections.

It has enabled the company to dispense with its business premises altogether, following the realisation that itjust didn&39;t need them any more. "The main motivation behind adopting home working was to increase my ownproductivity, as a single mum to an I l-year-old,"says Hargreaves. "But I soon realised that, as most of our businessis done on the phone, email and at off-site meetings, we didn&39;t need our offices at all. We&39;re now saving2 16,000 ayear on rent, plus the cost of utilities, not to mention what would have been spent on commuting."

What is the main topic of this passage?

A.How business managers view hi-tech.

B.Benefits of the practice of teleworking.

C.How to cut down the costs of small businesses.

D.Relations between employers and employees.

From the research conducted by the communication provider Inter-Tel, we learn that______.

A.attitudes toward IT technology have changed

B.more employees work to full capacity at home

C.more businesses have adopted remote working solution

D.employees show a growing interest in small businesses

What development has made flexible working practices possible according to Andy Poulton?

A.Reduced cost of telecommunications.

B.Improved reliability of internet service.

C.Access to broadband everywhere.

D.Availability of VoIP service.

What is Neil Stephenson&39;s advice td firms contracting internet services?

A.They contract the cheapest provider.

B.They look for reliable business-only providers.

C.They contact providers located nearest to them.

D.They carefully examine the contract.

Internet-based telecoms facilitates remote working by______.

A.offering sophisticated voice services

B.providing calls completely free of charge

C.helping clients discuss business at home

D.giving access to emailing in real time

The accountancy firm Wright Vigar promoted teleworking initially in order to______.

A.attract young people with IT experience to work for it

B.present a positive image to prospective customers

C.reduce operational expenses of a second office

D.support its employees with children to take care of

According to marketing director Jack O&39;Hern, teleworking enabled the company to______.

A.minimise its office space

B.keep highly qualified staff

C.enhance its market image

D.reduce recruitment costs

WrightVigar&39;s practice of allowing for more flexible working hours not only benefits the company but helps improve employees&39; ______.

With fast, wireless internet connections, employees can still be______while traveling.

Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to______.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析,谢谢!

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第5题

格力政府采购案启示录 2008年9月28日至2008年10月29日,广州市番禺中心医院空调安装采购项目公开进行了招标

格力政府采购案启示录

2008年9月28日至2008年10月29日,广州市番禺中心医院空调安装采购项目公开进行了招标。其中,集中采购机构为广州市政府采购中心,评审方法为综合评标法,评审标准有三,即技术、商务、价格,其各占总分的45%、15%、40%。

2008年11月4日,经评标委员会按上述评审方法和评审标准对各投标文件进行评审,格力被推荐为第一候选成交供应商。

2008年11月5日,格力按广州市政府采购中心及招标文件要求,提供投标文件中的商务文件原件供采购人核对。

2008年11月10日,采购人广州市番禺中心医院向广州市采购中心发函,并抄送番禺区政府采购管理办公室,称格力的投标设备技术实质上不能满足招标文件打星的条款。

2008年111月18日,广州市政府采购中心组织原评标委员会对采购结果进行复审,并将复审结果提交采购人确认。

2008年11月21日,广州市政府采购中心根据复审结果发布中标通知,确定广东省石油化工建设集团公司为中标供应商,中标金额为2151.1887万元。

2008年11月24日,格力向广州市政府采购中心提出质疑。2008年11月27日,广州市政府采购中心作出答复。

2008年12月22日,因对广州市政府采购中心的质疑答复不满意,格力向番禺区财政局提出投诉。

2009年1月22日,依据2008年11月18日复审结果,番禺区财政局作出不支持格力投诉请求的投诉处理决定(番财采[2009]1号)。

2009年4月22日,格力就番财采[2009]1号投诉处理决定向广州市财政局提起行政复议。广州市财政局认为,2008年11月18日复审结果违法,仅以复审结果推翻开标当日评审结果有失公正,据此作出撤销番禺区财政局作出的番财采[2009]1号投诉处理决定,并责令番禺区财政局重新作出处理决定。

2009年6月9日,广州市政府采购中心重新抽取专家专门就格力投标文件评审,并作格力投标文件未响应招标文件的评审结论。

2009年6月16日,根据2009年6月9日专家评审结果,番禺区财政局作出驳回格力投诉(番财采[2009]9号)。

2009年7月22日格力就番财采[2009]9号投诉处理决定,仍向广州市财政局提起行政复议。

2009年9月28日,广州市财政局作出复议决定,并于2009年9月29日送达格力。

鉴于广州市财政局改变了番禺区财政局所作出的投诉处理决定,2009年10月12日,格力被迫无奈与广州市财政局对簿公堂。本案已于2009年11月2日在广州市天河区人民法院开庭审理。

在质疑、投诉、行政复议过程中,广州市番禺中心医院空调已由广东省石油化工建设集团公司安装完毕。

尽管目前该案还未宣判,但细查整个事件的材料和参加完庭审后,个人认为此次格力政府采购案至少反映出以下问题:

一、政府采购评审有待进一步规范

此次格力政府采购案历经三次评审活动,分别为2008年11月4日的评审、2008年11月18日的复审、2009年6月9日的第三次评审。

这三次评审活动是否合法,直接关系到谁才是番禺区中心医院空调安装采购项目的中标人的问题,即格力与广东省石油化工建设集团公司谁才是该项目合法中标人。因此,有必要对这三次评审的效力进行探讨。

(一)关于第一次评审的效力

根据招标文件第四章关于开标评标中标的规定,招标应由依法组建的评审专家按招标文件规定的评审方法和标准,对所有有效投标文件进行评审并推荐中标候选人。

就格力政府采购案而言,2008年11月4日项目开标当日,依法组建的评标委员会按招标文件规定的综合评分法,对所有投标文件进行了评审,并最后推荐格力为第一中标候选人。

由于第一次评委的组建及评审方法均合法且合乎招标文件规定,因此,第一次评审即2008年11月4日的评审结果显然合法有效。

(二)关于第二次评审即复审的效力

第二次评审的评标委员会仍为原评标委员会。但第二次评审的启动,却并非开标评审程序。而是在开标评审结束且已推荐中标候选人名单后,由番禺区财政局指定广州市政府采购中心组织原评审专家进行评审。

就这样,在没有任何新证据的情况下,同一评标委员会开标当日推荐格力为第一中标候选人,而在半个月之后的复审中,却作出格力未实质响应投标文件的规定,前后结果大相径庭让人咋舌,至于个中缘由,就目前整个政府采购大环境而言,相信稍有常识的人都不难理解。

根据《招标投标法》第三十八条第一款,即评标应在严格保密的情况下进行。而原评标委员会推荐中标人后,投标文件也不再处于保密状态,其已然丧失了再次评审的前提条件。退一步,即使原评标委员会仍要评审,但因其已具有利害关系,也无法绕开回避问题。

所以,第二次评审的违法性自毋庸赘言。对此,即使是广州市财政局作出的穗财法[2009]48号行政复议决定,也不得不认定评标委员会与项目具有利害关系,所作复审违法。

(三)关于第三次评审的效力

第三次评审的启动,缘于采购人不满意第一次评审结果,而复审的效力又被广州市财政局以有失公正为由推翻。而广州市采购中心已按违法复审结果发布了报价高于格力440多万元的广东省石油化工建设集团公司为中标人。

因此,为了推翻第一次评审结果,同时又为了使违法中标结果具有合法性,番禺区财政局又另行抽取专家重新组成评审委员会,专门对格力的投标文件进行评审。但第三次评审与第二次评审一样,其违法性也是显而易见:

首先,第三次评审同样不具备评审的前提条件,即开标评审后,投标文件,包括格力的投标文件已经不具有保密状态。

其次,第三次评审只针对格力一家进行评审,客观上造成对格力的歧视,从而严重违反政府采购之公平、公正原则。

最后,第三次评审过程谬误百出。

本次专家核实的内容是,格力所报产品是否满足招标文件关于模块及制冷量的要求,但本次专家核实时却连模块及制冷量内容在招投标文件的页码都引用错误,而且尹妙玲、吴增华、汪志舞三位专家在如此低级的错误上犯得居然一模一样,这不能不说明,评审专家根本就没有看招标文件和投标文件,就直接下结论。

而曹世达专家更是制冷与制热不分,直接以制热量代替制冷量进行评审;还有奇妙的是,评审专家的结论跟采购人质疑格力的理由一样,即与采购人于2008年11月7日向广州市政府采购中心所提供的《情况说明》的理由相一致。以上种种不能不让人哑然,其评审结果可想而知了。

综上,三次评审中,显然只有第一次评审合法有效,而后两次评审本身不符合评审的保密要求,且第三次评审过程错误百出结论违法。因此,广东省石油化工建设集团公司据此中标并与采购人签订合同违法。

二、政府采购监管有待进一步加强

财政部门作为政府采购的监管部门,应履行全面的监督管理职责,包括对采购文件、采购过程、采购结果、投诉处理等方面的监管。

财政部门的监管作为行政监督,为主动监督,不受供应商的质疑投诉范围限制。关于这一点,广州市财政局自己也非常清楚,在其答辩状中也明确承认其有全面监管的权力。

但令人遗憾的是,格力政府采购案至今已一年多,涉及的监管部门有番禺区财政局、广州市财政局,对于格力政府采购案中出现的诸多违法情形,两级监管部门却似乎都视而不见。

(一)复审方面

广州市财政局作出的已生效番财法[2009]48号行政复议决定,认为第二次评审(复审)违法,却又未依法作出处罚,实质并未纠正违法行为,以致违法继续。而这种不作为可谓是此次格力政府采购案出现的关键性原因,也是此次广州市财政局成为被告的核心所在。

(二)中标方面

由于第二次评审(复审)本身违法,未能推翻第一次评审结果,广州市财政局却未依法督促采购人广州市番禺区中心医院确定格力为中标人,任由广东省石油化工建设集团公司依据违法的中标结果被确定为中标人,并履行政府采购合同。

(三)第三次评审方面

广州市财政局虽作出番财法[2009]48号行政复议决定,认定第二次评审,即复审违法,但也仅是简单令番禺区财政局重新作出投诉处理决定。即使如此,番禺区财政局不仅未依法重新作出投诉处理决定,反而非法组织第三次评审,并据此作出驳回格力投诉请求的投诉处理决定。

以上种种的违法情形均发生在区、市两级财政部门的眼皮底下,但在长达一年的时间内,其非但没有得到应有的纠正,反倒还得到集中采购机构、财政部门有形或无形的支持。

所以,如果政府采购监管依然得不到加强,纳税的人的钱还将源源不断地被浪费。如果这种监管不力的局面得不到遏制,今天广州财政只是多花了400万元,明天、后天,就有可能多花4000万,甚至更多。

三、政府采购救济制度有待进一步完善

政府采购救济制度包括质疑、投诉、复议、诉讼,整个程序下来,历时较长。由于缺乏完善的暂停制度,加上政府采购监管方面存在的诸多问题,供应商救济制度在实践中往往起不到应有的作用。

此次格力政府采购案,从格力2008年11月24日提出质疑,到最近提起行政诉讼历时近一年。而在此过程中,违法确定的中标人广东省石油化工建设集团公司已经与采购人签订合同并已经履行合同完毕。

而以上局面并非个案,曾经的中国政府采购第一案及其他许多政府采购案例都曾面临同样的尴尬,而这些与现行救济制度的相关规定不无关系。

首先,部门规章自行将质疑作为投诉前置程序。

虽然我国《政府采购法》、《招标投标法》并未规定质疑前置,但政府采购监管部门所制定的部门规章,如财政部第20号令却明令规定质疑前置。此外,按立法法规定,部门规章作为下位法不得与法律相抵触,但由于上述规章为监管部门自身所制定,在政府采购部门畅通无阻,以致出现部门规章架空政府采购法与招标投标法等上位法的情形,从而《政府采购法》与《招标投标法》赋予供应商选择救济方式的权利完全被部门规章所剥夺。

其次,暂停制度先天不足。

我国政府采购关于暂停的规定,在投诉处理阶段,监管部门可以暂停项目,也可不暂停项目。而国际惯例一般是必须暂停,直至争议问题处理完毕,除非出现事关国家利益或国家紧急情况,即使出现事关国家利益或国家紧急情况不能暂停采购时,也必须由采购员(Contracting Officer)作出书面决定并记录在案以供事后继续审查其合法性。这方面美国政府采购的做法尤为典型。

但时至今日,《招标投标法》出台已10年,《政府采购法》出台也已7年。这数年间,即使国内情况再复杂、国际经验再庞杂,也完全有充裕的时间制定国内招标投标完善的暂停制度了。但相关法律法规,包括最近已征求意见的招标投标实施条例仍未就相关暂停制度作进一步完善,这已非不可为可解释的了,说其故意不为也并不为过。

即使监管部门暂停项目的话,也只限于投诉阶段,而且暂停时间以30个自然日为限,也就是说,碰上节假日并不顺延。而投诉处理决定期间为30个工作日,碰上节假日要顺延。其中自然日与工作日的客观差异也就意味着,实际上暂停的时间短于投诉处理时间,甚至投诉处理过程还未完成,政府采购合同已可以开始履行。

一旦出现投诉未完成,合同已履行,就国内而言投诉人是无论如何也无法再获得该政府采购合同了,更枉谈履行了。这不符合国际上通行的政府采购供应商救济暂停的做法,也有悖于我国加入的WTO政府采购协定的要求。即便万幸最终认定采购项目违法,也有可能因为政府采购合同已履行完毕的,相关供应商所能获的救济微乎其微。

综上,就供应商救济制度,当务之急,应完善暂停制度,并将其作为一项必要的常规制度,即一旦出现争议,必须暂停项目,除非法律、行政法规另有规定,否则日后类似案例还将层出不穷,相关供应商的救济仍将继续流于无形。

四、政府采购各方当事人权责有待进一步理清

格力政府采购案折射出政府采购评审不规范、监管乏力、救济制度不完善等问题,但所有问题的症结在于政府采购各方当事人责权利不清、不平衡。

(一)政府采购监管部门选择性失明

尽管广州市财政局在其答辩状称:有全面审查案件的权力,对于案件能认定而未认定的事实都依法予以了认定,对于能作出结论而未作出结论的事实也都依法予以作出结论,对于认定和结论错误的都依法予以了纠正。

但从上述事项中,可以看出事实远非如此。其对于格力所指出的复审、中标结果违法及第三次评审违法从未作实质处理,放任违法行为,甚至还以具体行政行为保护违法行为。

(二)集中采购机构法律地位不明

一方面,法律规定通用集中采购项目必须委托集中采购机构。集中采购机构进行政府采购活动,应当符合采购价格低于市场平均价格、采购效率更高、采购质量优良和服务良好的要求。政府采购监督管理部门应当对集中采购机构的采购价格、节约资金效果、服务质量、信誉状况、有无违法行为等事项进行监督,及规定采购人员的专业岗位任职要求。另一方面,法律又规定集中采购机构为采购代理机构,与社会中介采购代理机构一样,接受采购人的委托进行采购。

由于法律对集中采购机构地位规定不明,实践中出现将集中采购代理机构视同社会中介代理机构的认识。有的地区更在此基础上推崇两个竞争机制的观点及做法,即打破现有的行政隶属关系,在集中采购业务代理中引入竞争机制,使集中采购机构互相竞争;促使社会中介采购代理机构与集中采购机构互相竞争。

以上表面上看似加强竞争,实则增加纳税人额外成本。国外通行做法均是在行政部门内设立集中采购机构,在实践中也证明行之有效,并保留至今。而这些国家均为市场经济发达国家,远比国内某些地区更注重规范竞争,尚且如此作制度性安排。反倒是国内部分地区所谓两个竞争机制的观点与做法,其用意我们不能不表示怀疑。

尽管法律关于集中采购机构的法律地位不明,但上述地区这一做法完全违背了政府采购法关于集中采购机构设立的规定,有悖于集中采购代理机构的设立初衷,使得通用集中采购项目规避监管,更因为集中采购代理机构与采购人的行政级别错位,导致监管的混乱及缺位,这或许正是某些地区政府采购中心频曝窝案,以及格力政府采购案出现的原因之一。

(三)专家独立性缺失

目前,政府采购项目,专家是较为重要的一环,在招标、竞争性谈判、询价中都少不了专家的作用,其作用主要通过评审委员会体现。

格力政府采购案中,在2008年11月4日开标评审当日,评标专家按招标文件规定的评标方法和评标标准,推荐格力为第一中标候选人。

然而在采购人确定中标人期间,同样的专家,在开标评审时,不但认为格力实质性响应投标文件,且确定其为排名第一的中标候选人,而在半个月后的复审中,没有任何新证据的情况下,却又认定格力未响应招标文件,其结果天壤之别。

在采购人确认期间,没有任何新的理由,集中采购机构组织原评审专家进行评审,作为专家,首先应知道招标的保密前提已不复存在,且已无评审权利,复审已然违法,但仍继续复审,并作出采购人希冀的评审结论,废弃格力作为排名第一的中标候选人。从中,凸显评审专家独立性缺失。

而第三次评审,虽然是重新抽取的专家,但专家评审结果竟然完全脱离招标文件与投标文件,甚至不知道需评审内容所在招标文件、投标文件的页码,而且几位专家同时出现一模一样的页码引用错误,更有专家冷热不分,直接以制热量参数取代制冷量参数进行评审,更不可思议的是,这些专家的评审结论与采购人出具的《情况说明》中的内容一致。凡此种种,无不让人佩服第三次评审专家与采购人之间的“灵犀”。

(四)采购人权利过大

尽管现行法律规定,采购人只能在评审专家推荐的中标候选人名单确认中标人,并且通常情况下,依法推荐出的排名第一的中标候选人是最符合采购人利益,也是最响应招标文件规定的,因此,只能确定排名第一的中标候选人为中标人。

然而,此次采购项目招标文件第四章定标中规定,广州市政府采购中心应在规定期限内将评标报告及《采购结果确认书》送至采购人。同时评标委员会推荐的中标候选人应在规定期限内将商务文件原件送采购人核对与其投标文件中的复印件是否一致。采购人接到原件之日起3个工作日内,核对没有不一致的,依法确认中标供应商;核对发现有不一致或供应商无正当理由不按时提供原件的,书面向采购中心提出,并报同级财政部门核实后按无效投标处理。

招标文件这一规定,一方面没有依据,另一方面由于核对原件只是对中标候选人进行,在投标人之间造成歧视不说,也不利及早发现提供虚假材料的投标。

此外,招标文件这一规定很容易被采购人用作拒不定标的理由。事实上,在本案中,原本采购人只是对商务文件进行核对,格力按招标文件规定,提交了商务文件原件供采购人核对,但至今采购人并未提出格力的商务文件原件与投标文件商务文件不一致。因此,按照招标文件第四章定标以及相关法律的规定,格力也应被确定为中标人。

但采购人却在商务文件核对期间,提出格力未响应招标文件,并以此为由,番禺区财政局、广州市政府采购中心借助专家,最终确定广东省石油化工建设集团公司为中标人。

当然,没有完善的暂停制度也是采购人敢于滥用权利的原因,而最近征求意见的招标投标法实施条例仍未在此方面作出相应完善,反倒在扩大招标人权力方面千方百计做文章,置供应商的合法权益救济、完善的暂停制度于不顾,这不能不让人扼腕。

五、政府采购有待各方进一步参与

此次,格力因政府采购将广州市财政局作为被告诉诸法院,引发媒体、民众、学者等广泛讨论,说明政府采购逐渐被大家所认识、关注,这对于政府采购的发展无疑是件好事,毕竟众人拾柴火焰高。但我们也看到,其中有学者、律师由于种种原因,对整个事件的把握有待商榷。

有学者认为,格力选择被告的问题上存在“宁选大的,也不选对的”情形。事实上,我国行政诉讼法及司法解释均规定,经复议的案件,复议机关改变原具体行政行为的,复议机关是被告。格力起诉广州市财政局正是基于广州市财政局所作出的行政复议决定改变了番禺区的投诉处理决定,完全符合相关规定。所以格力起诉广州财政局更多的是“选对的”,只是碰巧广州市财政局在责任方里刚好是最大的。

而南方某律师不知从何判断是格力动员的媒体。格力诉广州市财政局作为公开审理的案件,天河区法院在其电子显示屏上公告当事人姓名、案由和开庭的时间、地点,稍对政府采购敏感一点的媒体完全可以从中发现线索,并进一步通过各种渠道获取相关信息,何以用人动员。而南方某地区政府采购频曝窝案,也早已培养了诸多媒体的长期关注,稍有风吹草动,引来众多媒体实属正常。或许,该律师可以被动员,但这并不代表别人也可轻易被动员。

其实不仅南方某地区,即使在全国,随着社会经济的发展,民众素质的提高,各方也对政府采购的关注持续加大,因为这关系到纳税人的钱的使用问题,同样也是近年来,政府采购方面整个大环境使然。广州市财政局日前公布财政预算,按该律师的说法,不知是不是也得认为动员某些媒体迫使其而成。

重庆市合川区政府采购学生床事件,其所涉及的财政性资金不过94万元,尚且引发全国各大媒体的广泛关注,不知该律师是不是也要查找一下其潜在“动员力量”。

格力政府采购案所涉及的金额高达2150多万元,且违法行为就发生在两级财政部门眼皮底下,而这些违法行为仍能我行我素安然无恙。如果媒体关注才能促使相关监督管理部门以后不仅在事后,更在事前、事中切实行使监管权力的话,我们倒宁愿有更多的媒体介入,相信我们也愿意做这方面的“动员”,甚至是摇旗呐喊。这样才能保证中国政府采购事业规范、健康、持续的发展,保证纳税人的钱能高效节约的使用,而不是中饱个别人的私囊,尤其是在现在4万亿元刺激经济方案中、政府采购作用日渐突出的背景下。

其实,靠媒体的关注来推动监管,本身就是政府采购监管缺失的一种体现,甚至是当前政府采购的悲哀。当然,媒体的参与、普通民众的参与,以及社会各界的参与对政府采购的推动不无裨益,但在当前社会环境下,核心仍在于供应商自身的积极参与。

倘若,格力不提起诉讼,那么此次采购项目的违法行为将依旧得不到曝光,政府采购过程中所存在的问题将依旧得不到解决,损害的将不仅仅是格力的合法利益,最终损害的还将是我们整个纳税人的利益,乃至社会公正。

试想,若非孙中界断指明志、张军奋而提起诉讼,广大媒体共同关注,又怎么会有今日“钓鱼执法”之纠正?所以,只有企业都能拿起法律武器维护自己的正当政府采购利益,同时广大媒体共同关注,才奠正长远有利于整个政府采购中违法的纠正。

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