The concept of "human development”is based on the following three factors:______, ______an

A.概念

B.知道

C.目录

D.内容

A.illusion

B.intention

C.impression

D.concept

The passage is mainly written to ______.

A．introduce a new concept

B．compare different energy sources

C．stress the importance of gasoline

D．discuss solutions to global warming

ntists developed a new concept called "sub-health", a status【52】health and illness. The concept of sub-health has become【53】because it has helped to explain many health problems.【54】one study, only 5. 6% of people in the overall population are actually sick,【55】the sub-healthy group consists of about 60%, and the【56】population is considered healthy.【57】of one's sub-health will help one to be alert to the underlying disease and remain healthy. Sub-health is a state in which the body is【58】turning from health to illness or from illness to health. Our bodies are actively【59】the conditions of health, sub-health and disease. Factors【60】aging, internal or external toxicity (毒性), and body or mind exhaustion may cause sub-heath, but taking good care of the body can change a sub-healthy status to a healthy one.

(51)

A．Besides

B．However

C．Meantime

D．Therefore

nfluenced indigenous cultures？

A．It has created nearly unanimous support for the concept of decentralization.

B．It has maintained the innocence of indigenous societies, by isolating them from societies considered less egalitarian.

C．It has caused indigenous cultures to bolster the category of the exotic within their own societies.

D．It has inspired optimism about the prospects of greater social equity in the future.

E．It has led to the failure of education to challenge globalization's meta- narrative.

The following scenario relates to questions 11–15.

Helot Co develops and sells computer games. It is well known for launching innovative and interactive role-playing games and its new releases are always eagerly anticipated by the gaming community. Customers value the technical excellence of the games and the durability of the product and packaging.

Helot Co has previously used a traditional absorption costing system and full cost plus pricing to cost and price its products. It has recently recruited a new finance director who believes the company would benefit from using target costing. He is keen to try this method on a new game concept called Spartan, which has been recently approved.

After discussion with the board, the finance director undertook some market research to find out customers’ opinions on the new game concept and to assess potential new games offered by competitors. The results were used to establish a target selling price of $45 for Spartan and an estimated total sales volume of 350,000 units. Helot Co wants to achieve a target profit margin of 35%.

The finance director has also begun collecting cost data for the new game and has projected the following:

Which of the following statements would the finance director have used to explain to Helot Co’s board what the benefits were of adopting a target costing approach so early in the game’s life-cycle？

(1) Costs will be split into material, system, and delivery and disposal categories for improved cost reduction analysis

(2) Customer requirements for quality, cost and timescales are more likely to be included in decisions on product development

(3) Its key concept is based on how to turn material into sales as quickly as possible in order to maximise net cash

(4) The company will focus on designing out costs prior to production, rather than cost control during live production

A.1, 2 and 4

B.2, 3 and 4

C.1 and 3

D.2 and 4 only

h humans and other animals. Studies on discrimination and problem-solving skills in the bottlenose dolphin, for instance, have concluded that its intelligence lies "somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee." Such comparisons are unfair. It is important to realize that intelligence is a very human concept and that we evaluate it in human terms. After all, not many people would consider themselves stupid because they couldnt locate and identify a fish by its echo. Why should we judge cetaceans by their ability to solve human problems？

The word "dominant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．local

B．natural

C．chief

D．specific

arve the white stuff into art. Planning begins months before the first snow falls. Teams submit applications and sketches of their sculptures in July. Then, a panel of judges chooses 14 teams for the championship.

The rules are simple: Electric tools are not allowed. Teams carve snow with everything but the results are not entirely in the sculptors' hands. "If it is extremely sunny and warm", DeWall, the competition's director of public relations, explained, "we will erect old sail from sail boats into the air to block the sun from melting the sculptures". If it snows, she continued, teams have to work extra hard to scrape(刮掉) the new snow off their work.

The judges look for creativity, technical skill, and overall impact on the viewer. The winner does not receive any money. "There is no cash prize because the event began with the concept of global camaraderie(情谊)", DeWall explained. Instead of focusing on money, she continued, "winners revel(纵情) in the friendship, the art, and the hard work".

What does the phrase "white stuff" in the first paragraph refer to？

A．Wood.

B．Snow.

C．Ice.

D．Rock.

___ is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the ______ of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes, homework is ______ with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is ______ for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the students to take it actively and to ______ it with minimum guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain what a university library works; they ______ students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too ______. on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as ______ or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is ______. ff a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an ______.

A) expect B) administrative C) returned D) recycled E) dependent

E) complete G) sake H) temper I) responsible J) limited

K) likely L) assignment M) concept N) qualified O) appointment

Changing our Understanding of Health

A

The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society to day, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

B

For much of recent Western history. Health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.

In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that "health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.

C

The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle. and behavior. of the individual. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.

D

During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle. risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle. factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:

The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986)

It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanization, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental cont

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

y means of an intelligence test. Before marks gained in such a test can be useful as information about a person, they must be compared with some standard, or norm. It is not enough simply to know that a boy of thirteen has scored, say, ninety marks in a particular test. To know whether he is clever, average or dull, his marks must be compared with the average achieved by boys of thirteen in that test.

In 1906 the psychologist, Alfred Binet, devised the standard in relation to which intelligence has since been assessed.

He invented a variety of tests and put large numbers of children of different ages through them. He found at what age each test was passed by the average child. For instance, he found that the average child of seven could count backwards from 20 to 1 and the average child of three could repeat the sentence: We are going to have a good time in the country. Binet arranged the various tests in order of difficulty, and used them as a scale against which he could measure every individual. If, for example, a boy aged twelve could only do tests that were passed by the average boy of nine, Binet held that he was three years below average, and that he has a mental age of nine.

The concept of mental age provided Binet, and through him, other psychologists, with the required standard, which enables him to state scores in intelligence tests in terms of a norm. At first, it was usual to express the result of a test by the difference between the "mental" and the "chronological" age. Then the boy in the example given would be "three years retarded". Soon, however, the "mental ratio" was introduced, that is to say, the ratio of the mental age to the chronological age. Thus a 'boy of twelve with a mental age of nine has a mental ratio of 0.75.

The mental age was replaced by the "intelligence quotient" or "ID". The IQ is the mental ratio multiplied by 100. For example, a boy of twelve with a mental age of nine has an IQ of 75. Clearly, since the mental age of average child is equal to the chronological age, the average IQ is 100.

Which of the following is not mentioned in relation to IQ？______

A．mental ratio

B．mental age

C．chronological age

D．date of birth